La anatomía humana es difícil de entender pero muy interesante, los humanos tienen partes internas del cuerpo y reacciones que influyen en su actividad de la vida diaria. Todas estas reacciones son muy complejas y no se pueden ver desde el exterior.
Los hábitos alimenticios, el patrón de sueño, el ciclo intestinal, el pensamiento, etc. son resultados de reacciones químicas que ocurren dentro del cuerpo. Existen diferentes componentes en el cuerpo en los que se realizan estas reacciones químicas para que el cuerpo funcione correctamente.
La unidad más pequeña del cuerpo es la célula, esta unidad más pequeña está presente en una gran cantidad y, por lo tanto, juega un papel importante en el cuerpo humano. Dentro de estas celdas hay muchos componentes presentes que ayudan a mantener la estructura.
Una de las funciones más importantes de las células es la herencia del material genético. El material genético es responsable de los rasgos que se llevan a la descendencia, la semejanza de la descendencia con los padres es el resultado de este material genético.
Los genes son predominantemente responsables del material genético. Los genes tienen ADN y un ARN que contiene características de un ser humano que se transfieren aún más a la descendencia a través de la reproducción.
ADN vs ARNm
La principal diferencia entre ADN y ARNm es su composición. El ADN y el ARNm transportan material genético pero aún tienen diferencias en su composición y ubicación en el cuerpo, etc.
Tabla de comparación entre ADN y ARNm
Parámetros de comparaciónDNemRNAS Componente de azúcar desoxirribosa Azúcar de la dosis Presencia de pirimidina Timina como pirimidina El uracilo es pirimidina Marcas Doble trenzado Vida unifamiliar Vida corta Ubicación Presente en el núcleo Difusibles en citoplasma
1
El ADN es una abreviatura del ácido desoxirribonucleico, es una molécula compuesta de dos cadenas de polinucleótidos que se enrollan entre sí para formar una doble hélice, llevando las instrucciones genéticas.
Hay tres formas principales de ADN, que son la forma A, la forma B y la forma Z. Estas formas tienen doble cadena y están conectadas por interacciones entre pares de bases complementarias. Hay alrededor de 3 mil millones de pares de bases de ADN, lo que hace un genoma.
Las principales funciones del ADN son codificar la secuencia de aminoácidos, mutaciones y recombinación del material genético, y determinar las características genéticas. El ADN es responsable de transportar el material genético.
El ADN está presente en el núcleo de las células conocido como ADN nuclear. También se ve una pequeña cantidad de ADN en la potencia de la célula que es mitocondria. Están presentes en las células eucariotas, estas son estructuras de doble cadena.
El ADN está compuesto por tres componentes, que son moléculas de azúcar ( desoxirribosa ), ácido fosfórico y base nitrogenada. Hay cuatro bases nitrogenadas que se dividen en purinas ( dos estructuras de anillo: adenina y guanina ) y pirimidinas ( dos estructuras monocatenarias: citosina y timina.
Hay un modelo de estructura presente en el ADN que propone que la cantidad de purinas y pirimidinas son iguales entre sí, y la cantidad de adenina es igual a la cantidad de timina.
Friedrich Miescher, un químico suizo, fundó el ADN en la década de 1860, sin embargo, algunos tomaron los nombres de James Watson, un biólogo estadounidense y Francis gritó a un físico inglés, pero más tarde Friedrich Miescher fue aprobado como fundador de DNA.
¿Qué es el ARNm?
mRNA es una abreviatura de ácido ribonucleico mensajero, Estas son moléculas de ARN monocatenarias que corresponden a las secuencias genéticas de un gen y son leídas por ribosomas en el proceso de sintetizar una proteína.
La composición del ARNm es algo similar a la del ADN pero diferente, ya que el ADN está formado por desoxirribosa, mientras que el ARNm consiste en moléculas de azúcar ribosa. Los ARNm se crean durante el proceso de transcripción.
La transcripción es el proceso de conversión de genes en ARNm de transcripción primaria con la ayuda de enzimas. Los ARNm son monocatenarios, hebras de nucleótidos conocidos como ácidos ribonucleicos o ARN . El ARN es de tres tipos; ARNm, ARNt y ARNr.
Funciones ARNm es leer secuencias base de ribosomas, utilizando el código genético para traducir cada tres trillizos base o codón en su aminoácido correspondiente. Posee todas las diferencias características básicas del ARN.
mRNA está presente en las células procariotas y transporta información genética del ADN cromosómico al citoplasma para la síntesis de proteínas. La vida útil del ARNm es muy corta. Entre las cuatro bases nitrogenadas, la timina se reemplaza por uracilo.
El ARN ayuda a la síntesis de proteínas en el cuerpo, como después del proceso de síntesis, el ácido se mueve del núcleo hacia el citoplasma, donde se deposita en ribosomas, lo que ayuda a producir proteínas.
El descubrimiento de ARNm es realizado por Sydney Brenner, Francis Crick, Francois Jacob y Jacques Monod, con estos descubrimientos quedó claro que los genes son útiles para producir proteínas.
Diferencias principales entre ADN y ARNm
- El ADN está presente en las células eucariotas, mientras que el ARNm está presente en las células procariotas.
- El ADN está compuesto de azúcar desoxirribosa, por el contrario, el ARNm está compuesto de azúcar ribosa.
- El ADN es de doble cadena, mientras que el ARNm es de una sola cadena.
- El ADN tiene una larga vida al contrario, el ARNm tiene una vida corta.
- El ADN está presente en el núcleo mientras que el ARNm se difunde en citoplasma.
- El ADN tiene la timina como una de las pirimidinas, mientras que el ARNm tiene uracilo como pirimidina.
Síntesis
El ADN y el ARNm funcionan en la transferencia de material genético. Su trabajo es algo similar pero diferente entre sí. El ADN y el ARNm son dos tipos diferentes de ácidos nucleicos que están presentes en diferentes ubicaciones en el cuerpo humano.
Su composición también es diferente entre sí, uno contiene material genético y otro ayuda a transferir el material genético a través de reacciones. El ARNm es un tipo de ARN y el ADN tiene tres tipos, que el ARNm es una unidad más pequeña que el ADN.
Tanto el ADN como el ARNm ayudan en la síntesis de proteínas.
- https://www.jbc.org/content/270/14/8037.short
- https://www.pnas.org/content/102/42/15048.short
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