: 1 de febrero de 2022
En resumen, hay tres alotropos de carbono puro, a saber, diamante, grafito y fullerenos. Como resultado, el grafito y el diamante son las dos formas cristalinas de carbono más significativas. Más allá, las propiedades químicas de ambos compuestos son las mismas, y tiene un aspecto hollín o negro carbón.
Diamante vs Grafito
La principal diferencia entre Diamante y Grafito es que Diamante tiene una red cristalina, donde los átomos de carbono están dispuestos en una simetría tridimensional dentro del cristal. Mientras tanto, el grafito tiene una estructura en capas, donde los anillos de seis átomos de carbono están dispuestos en una lámina horizontal espaciada. Además, el diamante es una sustancia dura, mientras que el grafito es suave.
El diamante es una forma cristalina sólida del elemento de naturaleza de carbono. Hay cuatro átomos de carbono unidos covalentemente entre sí dentro de la estructura del diamante, lo que lo hace bastante grande. Debido a la unión covalente, se requiere mucha energía para separar los átomos entre sí. Y por esta razón, el diamante es ampliamente conocido como uno de los materiales más duros de la naturaleza.
Mientras tanto, el grafito es una capa estructurada de alotropo de carbono puro. Se encuentra principalmente como un mineral cristalino gris que ocurre en algunas rocas. Se forma un enlace sigma entre cada átomo de carbono en grafito. Como el grafito está unido de esta manera, es suave y fácil de romper.
Tabla de comparación entre diamante y grafito
Parámetros de comparación Diamante . El grafito es un alotropo de carbono puro que se encuentra principalmente entre rocas. Se considera mineral en la naturaleza. Estructura La estructura del diamante es una red cristalina. Es un cristal tridimensional en el que los átomos de carbono están dispuestos en simetría. La estructura del grafito está en capas, donde los átomos de carbono están unidos entre sí por enlaces sigma. Hibridación Hay un total de cuatro átomos de carbono en un diamante que están hibridados por sp3 y todos están unidos entre sí a través de enlaces sigma. Aquí, en grafito, cada átomo está unido por la hibridación sp2 y un enlace sigma juega el papel principal al unir los átomos. Mientras que el átomo no emparejado forma un enlace pi. Estructura geométrica Debido a los cuatro electrones de carbono unidos, el diamante tiene una estructura tetraédrica. Debido a tres electrones de carbono unidos, el grafito tiene una estructura de geometría plana. Usos Utilizado como material en la fabricación de joyas y perforación. Utilizado como celdas secas, arco eléctrico, lubricante y cables de lápiz.
¿Qué es el diamante?
El diamante, el elemento más duro naturalmente existente, es un alótropo del elemento carbono. Hay cuatro átomos de carbono unidos covalentemente a un átomo a través de enlaces sigma, lo que lo convierte en una sustancia muy compleja. En diamantes, separar los átomos unos de otros es extremadamente difícil debido a la unión covalente. Entonces, el hecho de que los diamantes sean uno de los materiales naturales más duros se suma a su reputación instintivamente.
Los primeros diamantes descubiertos se registraron en la India en el siglo IV. Y poco después, la mayoría de estas gemas se exportaron a varios países, lo que resultó en un gran vínculo entre India y otras naciones.
Mientras tanto, el enlace entre los cuatro carbonos es de hibridación sp3. Como los diamantes tienen cuatro electrones unidos a un átomo, tienen una estructura tetraédrica. El diamante es una red de cristal compuesta de átomos de carbono organizados por simetría en una estructura tridimensional.
Además, el diamante tiene una impresionante amalgamación de características físicas, químicas y mecánicas, que incluyen dureza, bajo coeficiente de fricción, conductividad térmica, resistencia eléctrica, bajo coeficiente de expansión térmica y resistencia, El material también debe ser químicamente resistente, biocompatible y reflejar ultravioleta e infrarrojo.
Debido a su durabilidad y brillo, los diamantes son ampliamente utilizados en joyería. Además de eso, debido a su dureza, también se usan para cortar, moler o perforar otros materiales.
¿Qué es el grafito?
Mientras tanto, el grafito es una capa estructurada de alotropo de carbono puro. Se encuentra principalmente como un mineral gris cristalino que ocurre en algunas rocas. Un enlace sigma une tres átomos de carbono entre sí en grafito. Debido a que el grafito está unido de esta manera, es suave y se rompe fácilmente. Para decirlo en palabras simples, debido a las fuerzas de van der Waals, los enlaces covalentes son fáciles de romper, lo que eventualmente hace que el grafito sea un material blando.
El grafito consta de cuatro átomos de carbono que son de hibridación sp2, cada uno de los cuales está unido a tres de los otros a través de enlaces sigma. Mientras tanto, el átomo extraño forma un enlace pi. La historia del grafito se remonta a Cumbria, en el norte de Inglaterra, a principios del siglo XVI. Sin embargo, inicialmente, se confundió con carbón, sin embargo, cuando se calentó, no se quemó, lo que finalmente resultó en el descubrimiento de grafito.
Más allá, la estructura de geometría plana del grafito resulta de tres electrones de carbono unidos. Las propiedades del grafito incorporan un alto punto de fusión, sensación grasa suave y resbaladiza, insolubilidad en agua y otras sustancias orgánicas, sustancia negra brillante, opaca.
Además, el grafito se usa en lápices y lubricantes, y debido a su alta conductividad, también se usa en productos electrónicos como electrodos, baterías y paneles solares.
Diferencias principales entre diamante y grafito
- El diamante es el elemento más duro que ocurre naturalmente, mientras que, por otro lado, el grafito también es un mineral natural, pero se convierte en grafito económico solo a través de la fabricación.
- El diamante es la sustancia más dura, mientras que el grafito es un material suave y grasiento al tacto.
- La hibridación de átomos de carbono en diamante es sp3, mientras que, en grafito, la hibridación de átomos de carbono es sp2.
- El diamante es una sustancia transparente e incolora, mientras que el grafito es opaco y de color negro.
- La densidad relativa, así como el índice de refracción del diamante, es mayor que la densidad relativa y el índice de refracción del grafito.
- El diamante actúa como un buen aislante del calor y la electricidad, mientras que el grafito tiene una buena conductividad para el calor y la electricidad.
- Diamond tiene cuatro enlaces covalentes alrededor de un átomo de carbono, mientras que, en el caso del grafito, tiene tres enlaces covalentes alrededor de un átomo de carbono.
Síntesis
En general, tanto los grafitos como los diamantes son alótropos famosos del elemento carbono; donde los diamantes son sustancias naturales duras, que son transparentes, y ampliamente utilizado en la fabricación y corte de joyas, rectificado o perforación de otras sustancias menos duras. Mientras tanto, por otro lado, los grafitos son minerales naturales que se encuentran principalmente en las rocas, y son opacos y de aspecto negro durante su período de fabricación. El uso más común del grafito es en cables de lápiz y celdas eléctricas debido a su sensación suave y alta conductividad, respectivamente. Desde el punto de fusión hasta la densidad relativa, la dureza, el bajo coeficiente de fricción, la conductividad térmica, la resistencia eléctrica, el bajo coeficiente de expansión térmica y la resistencia, tanto el grafito como el diamante están especializados en sus propias formas.
- https://www.nature.com/articles/176051a0
- https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:13661340
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