Diferencia entre onda mecánica y onda electromagnética

Para los aficionados a la física, las diferentes ondas y sus características podrían ser cristalinas, pero para otros, la diferencia entre las ondas mecánicas y electromagnéticas puede no ser tan fácil de comprender. Sin embargo, los dos tipos de ondas varían de varias maneras a pesar de que ambos propagan energía a nuestro alrededor.

Onda mecánica versus onda electromagnética

La principal diferencia entre las ondas mecánicas y electromagnéticas es que las ondas mecánicas no pueden viajar sin un medio, mientras que las ondas electromagnéticas pueden viajar al vacío con la ayuda de cualquier medio.

Otra diferencia marcada entre los dos es que la distancia recorrida por las ondas mecánicas depende de la elasticidad del medio que utiliza, mientras que las características de una onda electromagnética dependen de campos magnéticos y eléctricos de acción.

Estos dos tipos de ondas también varían en su velocidad. Una onda mecánica viaja mucho más lento que una onda eléctrica que viaja tan rápido como la luz. Un ejemplo de onda mecánica es una onda de sonido, mientras que un microondas y una onda de radio son ejemplos de ondas electromagnéticas.

Tabla de comparación entre onda mecánica y onda electromagnética ( en forma tabular )

Parámetro de comparación Ondas mecánicas Ondas electromagnéticas Medio No se puede viajar sin un medio Puede viajar sin un medio Factores que afectan la elasticidad y los campos inerciamagnéticos y eléctricos Velocidad Viajes con la velocidad del medio Viajes a la velocidad de los tipos de luz Transversal y longitudinal Solo transversal Ejemplos Ondas de sonido, ondas superficiales Microondas, ondas de radio, etc.

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¿Qué es la onda mecánica?

Según las definiciones, las ondas mecánicas son ondas que son el resultado de la materia oscilante y su movimiento es lo que lleva la onda hacia adelante. Esto también significa que las ondas mecánicas siempre requieren un medio para viajar y no pueden viajar en el vacío.

Por lo tanto, una onda mecánica puede albergar una velocidad que se limita a la velocidad del medio y solo puede moverse en la dirección que lo lleva el medio. Este tipo de onda también requiere una cantidad inicial de energía para iniciar el movimiento.

Una onda mecánica puede ser de tres tipos, longitudinal, transversal y de ondas superficiales. Se forma una onda longitudinal cuando las partículas del medio oscilan paralelas a la dirección hacia adelante de la onda.

Se forma una onda transversal cuando las partículas de la onda vibran perpendicular a la dirección del movimiento mientras se forma una onda superficial cuando las ondas se mueven en la interfaz de dos medios. Un ejemplo de la onda superficial son las ondas en un cuerpo de agua.

¿Qué es la onda electromagnética?

Las ondas electromagnéticas son el resultado de la aceleración de partículas cargadas eléctricamente que afectan internamente a otras partículas a su alrededor. En un campo electromagnético, no hay partículas que oscilan, pero los fotones se propagan y crean una onda. Los campos electromagnéticos se basan en las cuatro leyes de Maxwell.

Un campo electromagnético es el resultado de cambios en los campos eléctricos y magnéticos cuya dirección apunta 90 grados entre sí. Las direcciones de estos campos también son perpendiculares a la dirección de propagación de la energía y la onda.

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Dado que la radiación electromagnética no consiste en partículas y solo en campos eléctricos y magnéticos oscilantes, no necesitan ningún medio para propagarse. De este modo, pueden viajar a través del vacío. La velocidad de una onda electromagnética es tan rápida como la velocidad de la luz. Las ondas electromagnéticas se rigen por las leyes de la electrodinámica cuántica.

En otras palabras, las ondas electromagnéticas están hechas de fotones, que son partículas no cargadas que pueden viajar a la velocidad de la luz. Estas ondas propagan energía, momento e impulso angular lejos de la fuente.

A medida que estos fotones se alejan de su fuente principal, ya no requiere un suministro continuo de energía para mantenerlo en movimiento y, por lo tanto, crea lo que se llama el campo lejano. El campo que rodea la carga principal que creó la onda en primer lugar se llama campo cercano.

Diferencias principales entre onda mecánica y onda electromagnética

  1. La principal diferencia entre las ondas mecánicas y electromagnéticas es que las ondas mecánicas no pueden viajar sin un medio, mientras que las ondas electromagnéticas pueden viajar a través del vacío con la ayuda de cualquier medio.
  2. Otra gran diferencia entre los dos es que la distancia recorrida por las ondas mecánicas depende de la elasticidad del medio que utiliza, mientras que las características de una onda electromagnética dependen de la actuación magnética y campos eléctricos.
  3. Una onda mecánica viaja mucho más lento que una onda electromagnética que viaja tan rápido como la luz cuyos componentes principales son fotones.
  4. Un ejemplo de onda mecánica es una onda de sonido, mientras que un microondas, una onda de radio, infrarrojo, rayos ultravioleta, rayos X, luz visible, y los rayos gamma son ejemplos de ondas electromagnéticas.
  5. Las ondas mecánicas son ondas que son el resultado de la materia oscilante y su movimiento es lo que lleva la onda hacia adelante, mientras que las ondas electromagnéticas son el resultado de la aceleración de partículas cargadas eléctricamente.
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Síntesis

Tanto las ondas mecánicas como las electromagnéticas son una fuente de propagación de la energía de un lugar a otro. Entre los diversos tipos de ondas en física, estos dos son los más comúnmente encontrados y discutidos.

La principal diferencia entre las ondas mecánicas y electromagnéticas es que las ondas mecánicas no pueden viajar sin un medio y pueden albergar una velocidad limitada a la velocidad del medio, mientras que las ondas electromagnéticas pueden viaje a través del vacío con la ayuda de cualquier medio y pueda viajar a la velocidad de la luz.

Las ondas mecánicas son ondas que son el resultado de la materia oscilante y este tipo de onda también requiere una cantidad inicial de energía para iniciar el movimiento, mientras que las ondas electromagnéticas son el resultado de partículas aceleradas cargadas eléctricamente que internamente afecta a otras partículas a su alrededor.

Una onda mecánica puede ser de tres tipos, longitudinal, transversal y de superficie, mientras que una onda electromagnética solo puede ser una onda transversal. Un ejemplo de onda mecánica son las ondas en un cuerpo de agua, mientras que las de una onda electromagnética son microondas, ondas de radio y rayos ultravioleta.

La distancia recorrida por las ondas mecánicas depende de la elasticidad e inercia del medio que utiliza, mientras que las características de una onda electromagnética dependen de campos magnéticos y eléctricos de acción. Una onda mecánica solo propaga la energía dentro de las partículas, mientras que un campo electromagnético propaga energía, momento y momento angular.

  1. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adom.201900267
  2. https://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/GEOTECH/PAGES/GTJ10999J.htm

Contenido

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