¿Qué es CPM? | Definición, usos, ventajas y desventajas

: 24 de junio de 2022

CPM, o el Método de ruta crítica, es un algoritmo matemático que programa y diseña las actividades del proyecto. Se sabe ampliamente que CPM se usa junto con la Técnica de evaluación y revisión del programa ( PERT ). El uso de CPM ha evolucionado con el tiempo y ahora se refiere a un análisis del diagrama de actividades del proyecto.

Al combinar estos dos, se puede encontrar una «ruta crítica» para completar un proyecto, que es el tramo de actividades más largo, que contiene los puntos finales lógicos de las actividades. Al tener en cuenta los primeros y últimos tiempos en que las actividades pueden iniciarse y terminarse, se puede usar para determinar cuáles de los pasos del proceso son críticos y cuáles se pueden retrasar sin perder productividad.

La ruta crítica en el campo de la gestión de proyectos se refiere a la red de actividades más larga que nos brinda la mayor duración posible para completar. A partir de aquí, una vez puede determinar formas de aumentar la productividad y reducir el tiempo total necesario.

Diferentes aspectos de CPM

  1. Se requiere una lista completa con todas las actividades involucradas en un proyecto.
  2. Se deben calcular los intervalos de tiempo estimados necesarios para comenzar y completar cada tarea. Flotador se refiere a los retrasos que pueden permitirse sin obstaculizar la duración total del proyecto.
  3. Los puntos finales y iniciales de las actividades y los hitos principales deben ser resueltos de antemano.
  4. Las dependencias e interrelaciones entre actividades deben establecerse claramente.
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Usos de CPM

CPM se puede utilizar en todos y cada uno de los proyectos que tienen actividades interconectadas. Esto incluye, entre otros, proyectos de construcción, productos, software y desarrollos de investigación, ingeniería e incluso aeroespacial y defensa.

Ventajas de usar CPM

  1. Asegura técnicas de gestión mejoradas y efectivas en cualquier proyecto. La eficiencia se multiplica varias veces mediante el uso de CPM.
  2. Un monitoreo cercano del cronograma y una mejor comprensión de los diferentes componentes de un proyecto aseguran que la calidad de la gestión y el trabajo realizado sean superiores.
  3. Al priorizar ciertas actividades críticas, se puede reducir toda la duración del proyecto y se puede ahorrar mucho tiempo. Esto generalmente se hace de dos maneras:
  4. Realizar más de una actividad al mismo tiempo que están interconectadas pero no se influyen entre sí de manera importante.
  5. Acortar la ruta crítica agregando más recursos y ahorrando así más tiempo.

Desventajas de usar CPM

  1. Muchas de las variables que se incorporan a la estructura son estimaciones que pueden variar en gran medida en la práctica. Esto incluye no solo el tiempo para el inicio y el final de las actividades, sino también los recursos necesarios.
  2. Como resultado, el progreso real puede retrasarse bastante tiempo y las decisiones tomadas en base al diagrama elaborado pueden no producir resultados deseables.
  3. La ruta crítica solo se puede formar cuando todas las actividades están lógicamente interconectadas entre sí. Esto elimina el alcance del uso de CPM en varios campos de trabajo.

  1. http://acqnotes.com/Attachments/Critical%20Path%20Method%20by%20Jesse%20Santiago%20&%20Desirae%20Magallon.pdf

Contenido

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